Epilepsy
A neurological disorder marked by recurrent, unprovoked seizures.
Overview
Epilepsy is a condition in which abnormal brain activity causes recurring seizures. Seizures vary widely — from brief lapses of awareness to full-body convulsions.
Most people with epilepsy control their seizures with medication and can live full, active lives.
Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of epilepsy.
- Recurrent seizures
- Temporary confusion or staring spells
- Uncontrollable jerking movements
- Loss of awareness or consciousness
- Unusual sensations before a seizure (aura)
Causes
What can lead to this condition.
- Genetic factors
- Head trauma
- Stroke or brain tumors
- Brain infections
- Often no identifiable cause
Risk factors
Factors that can increase your risk.
- Family history of seizures
- Head injuries
- Stroke and vascular disease
- Brain infections in childhood
Diagnosis
How providers typically confirm this condition.
- EEG to measure brain electrical activity
- MRI or CT brain imaging
- Blood tests to rule out other causes
- Detailed seizure history
Treatment options
Approaches that help manage or resolve the condition.
- Anti-seizure medications
- Ketogenic diet in some cases
- Vagus nerve stimulation
- Surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy
Prevention
Steps that may help prevent or reduce the condition.
- Take medications exactly as prescribed
- Get enough sleep
- Avoid known seizure triggers
- Wear protective gear to prevent head injury
When to see a doctor
- After any first-time seizure
- If seizures change in pattern or frequency
Seek emergency care
- A seizure lasting more than 5 minutes — call 911
- Repeated seizures without regaining consciousness, or a seizure with difficulty breathing — call 911
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