High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
A common condition where the force of blood against artery walls stays too high over time.
Overview
High blood pressure, or hypertension, means the pressure in your arteries is consistently elevated. It usually develops over many years and often causes no symptoms, which is why it's called a "silent" condition.
Left untreated, hypertension raises the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and vision loss. The good news is that it's highly manageable with lifestyle changes and, when needed, medication.
Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of high blood pressure (hypertension).
- Usually no symptoms in early stages
- Headaches (typically only at very high levels)
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Nosebleeds (uncommon)
Causes
What can lead to this condition.
- Primary (essential) hypertension that develops gradually with no single cause
- Kidney disease or hormonal disorders (secondary hypertension)
- High sodium intake and low potassium diet
- Chronic stress and poor sleep
- Certain medications, including some decongestants and NSAIDs
Risk factors
Factors that can increase your risk.
- Age over 45 (men) or 55 (women)
- Family history of high blood pressure
- Obesity and physical inactivity
- Excess alcohol or tobacco use
- Diabetes and high cholesterol
Diagnosis
How providers typically confirm this condition.
- Repeated blood pressure readings above 130/80 mmHg
- Home or 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
- Blood and urine tests to check kidney and hormone function
- ECG to assess heart strain
Treatment options
Approaches that help manage or resolve the condition.
- Reduce dietary sodium and follow a DASH-style diet
- Regular aerobic exercise and weight management
- ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, or diuretics
- Limit alcohol and quit smoking
- Manage stress and improve sleep quality
Prevention
Steps that may help prevent or reduce the condition.
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Exercise at least 150 minutes per week
- Limit salt, alcohol, and processed foods
- Have your blood pressure checked regularly
When to see a doctor
- Readings consistently at or above 130/80 mmHg
- You have diabetes, kidney disease, or a family history of heart disease
Seek emergency care
- Blood pressure above 180/120 with chest pain, shortness of breath, or vision changes — seek emergency care
- Sudden severe headache, weakness, or trouble speaking (possible stroke) — call 911
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Blood pressure screening and management are typically covered as preventive care by most insurance plans, including Medicare and Medicaid.
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